The Problem With Taxing Online Sales

The idea of taxing online sales and services has long been thrown around as
a potential revenue source. In this time of belt tightening and budget cutting,
states are especially eager to find ways to fill some of their fiscal shortfalls,
and the loss of sales tax revenues to online sources is an appealing target.

Texas is the latest
to consider the subject, spurred by two members of the state legislature’s
ways and means committee. Proponents of such plans point out that most states’
taxation laws were in place before the creation of the internet (do we blame
Al Gore?), and therefore don’t address the nature of electronic sales, which
have taken retail revenue (and taxes) away from local merchants and sent it
out into the ether (and to other states).

There are many other problems, too, of course. The first one being the concept
of nexus, which was ultimately defined by the U.S.
Supreme Court in Quill v. North Dakota. Although that case was also before
the Internet, it addressed states’ ability to tax out-of-state retailers (namely
Quill and other mail-order and catalog merchants). The Court determined that
a business (or taxpayer) much have a physical/geographical presence in the state
in order to subject it to taxation. Such “physical presence” was suggested
to include offices, branches, warehouses, employees, etc, and not the existence
of customers alone.

In recent years, a few state legislatures (New York, Rhode Island, Illinois,
Colorado, and maybe more) have attempted to tackle this by considering a business’
in-state affiliates as satisfying the nexus rule. This directly affected some
e-tailers more than others, because sites like Amazon and eBay pay commissions
or other non-regular income to people with websites that advertise items on
Amazon or eBay, and other online stores. Sometimes it’s just a person’s blog,
other times they are online coupon and news sites.

Here’s why that strategy is not going to work: How can states enforce it? While
they might be able to go after a few of the local affiliates, that won’t
get them the bulk of the revenue they forecast these new online tax provisions
will bring in, because state taxing authorities simply lack the authority to
make out-of-state business’ pay them. Are revenue officials from the state
of Texas going to show up at the Seattle offices of Amazon or the San Jose offices
of eBay and order an audit? And, as I mentioned, if they try to enforce those
taxation rules on small-fry affiliates, there just won’t be the payout
they need.

Part of the nexus rule is a simple matter of logistics: Unless has business
actually has something to take action on (such as property, employees, etc.),
it’s hard for their authorities to enforce their laws on those businesses.
Now, when it comes to online sales from giant brick and mortar stores like Wal-Mart
or Target, there’s no problem, and these retailers are already complying
with sales tax laws in all states, since they have physical locations in them
all. But when it comes to a small online retailer, how would a state even know
if Bob’s Car Part Emporium in Des Moines sold rims and lug nuts to a customer
in Florida?

Other states, taking perhaps a more sensible approach as far as legality, have
tried to push their existing Use Tax laws. In Oklahoma, the state has added
a more visible self-reporting component to its individual income tax returns,
and has run television ads reminding taxpayers it is their responsibility to
report their online purchases. Good luck. While the states obviously do have
audit and enforcement capabilities over their own taxpayers, the problem here
comes down to the paper trail, since the out-of-state companies still won’t
be responsible for reporting their sales to the state. Not an ideal position
for the state auditors. And the result is, once again, that the states won’t
realize the revenue that they were hoping for to plug the holes in their fiscal
boats.

Amazon and other large online retailers are, for the most part, complying with
these state laws while they fight them in the courts, but in all likelihood,
the matter will once again end up in the federal courts, and potentially another
Supreme Court ruling.

There has been a movement over the past decade called the Streamlined Sales
Tax Project, but it relies on voluntary membership by businesses and states
agreeing with each other on some taxation factors and amnesty terms. But it
still requires voluntary collection and remittance of sales taxes by businesses
to states they don’t have a nexus in, using certified service providers
that offer automated software and services for determining the tax in virtually
every jurisdiction in the U.S. and helping guide compliance.

The SSTP and its member states suggest the benefit to business will be in ensuring
that they are in compliance with any state they have a customer in, and providing
protection in the event that they might be considered to have a nexus there
and not know it. For instance, in some states, using a delivery vehicle owned
by the company can be considered a nexus. For any sized business with a lot
of transactions across state lines, this is a benefit. But for most small businesses
who have a single location from which they make, market, sell and ship their
product, with no assets or employees out-of-state, there is no benefit, only
the additional compliance chores, and who’d volunteer for that?

Although it would be immensely unpopular, and states with higher sales tax
rates might not realize their full revenue, the only viable solution that I
can see that allows for mandatory and enforceable compliance would be a flat-rate
federally managed online sales tax. Don’t get me wrong, please…
I’m not in favor of it or proposing it. But if applied uniformly across
the entire country and with the revenues directed to the states as appropriate,
it would at least collect revenues the states say they desperately need and
would make enforcement simpler, although likely making compliance a new headache
for small businesses.

And the federal government probably actually has the authority under the Commerce
Clause, which actually fits this situation more directly than how it is applied
in some other instances. While the Founding Fathers couldn’t have envisioned
the Internet, they certainly had a grasp of a merchant selling his wares to
a customer in another state, i.e., interstate commerce.

Once again, I’m not in favor of such a tax, but I don’t see any
other really effective means of ensuring sales tax compliance and state collection
of revenues when it comes to online commerce. The states can try their expansion
of nexus rules and some may have moderate success with the largest retailers,
while others try to guilt their individual taxpayers into self-reporting, but
these methods will never come close to filling the sales tax gap they experience
because of online sales.